If you are really new to physics, then this Chapter may seem intimidating too, at first sight.
But it isn't really. Just try it.
There is a physical property of a system called "momentum", and it's absolutely indispensable for physicists.
Here is just an example: when performing "high-energy particle physics", collisions occur between elementary particles.
One main consideration when studying the results, is that physicists know that "momentum" is conserved between
the particles involved, which have always lead to insights and conclusions.
This is true for the past, the present, and undoubtly for the future too !
Momentum is not only important in Classical Mechanics. In Quantum Mechanics, Relativistic Mechanics etc..,
momentum plays an important role too.
So, what is it?
Suppose over a time interval Δt, we consider a constant force acting on an object with mass "m".
Suppose that before t BEFORE, there was no force whatsoever acting, and the constant velocity of the object was v BEFORE.
During Δt, the force acts on the object, and the object accelerates.
Suppose that after t AFTER, there is again no force whatsoever acting, and the constant velocity of the object now is v AFTER.
The timespan, over which the force acted is Δt = t AFTER - t BEFORE.
The increase in velocity, during Δt, is Δv = v AFTER - v BEFORE.
Now, the constant acceleration over Δt is:
a
|
=
|
(v AFTER - v BEFORE)
-------------
Δ t
|
Thus we have also:
m a
|
=
|
m
|
(v AFTER - v BEFORE)
-------------
Δ t
|
Which is the same as:
F
|
=
|
m
|
(v AFTER - v BEFORE)
-------------
Δ t
|
Which is the same as:
F Δ t
|
=
|
m (v AFTER - v BEFORE)
|
=
|
mv AFTER - mv BEFORE (equation 11)
|
I did not introduced any new formula here. Actually, it's only stuff we already knew before this section.
But the perspective might have changed a bit.
If we take a closer look at the "meaning" of
F Δt = mv AFTER - mv BEFORE
then we might interpret this as folows. The force F acts only for a duration of Δt,
which has as a direct consequence that the property "mv" changed by mv AFTER - mv BEFORE.
The value of "mv" can be viewed as "the quantity of motion" which an object has. You may also see it as a measure
for "mass in motion".
If a force acts upon an object, for a certain duration Δt, it's amount of motion changes by mv AFTER - mv BEFORE
The quantity "mv" is called momentum "p", so:
p = mv (equation 12)
Since "velocity" is a vector, we conclude that "momentum" is a vector too.
The magnitude of momentum is expressed in "kg m/s", due to the units in "mv".
If we have a system, of say 2 or more objects, and there is further no additional interaction (e.g. no external force),
except for those objects, then if they interact (like colliding), then total momentum is conserved.
So, in the case of 2 objects of mass "m1" and mass "m2":
p1 (before) + p2 (before) = p1 (after) + p2 (after) = Constant (equation 13)
which is the same as:
m1v1 (before) + m2 v2 (before) = m1v1 (after) + m2v2 (after) = Constant (equation 14)
Or. more generally, for "n" objects (like particles):
Σ pi = Σ mivi = constant (equation 15)
The "change" in momentum, as we can see from upper equations, is due to:
F Δt = mv AFTER - mv BEFORE = m Δ v (equation 16)
F Δt is sometimes called the "impuls" or the "action" responsible for the "change" in momentum.
Indeed:
- When a force is acting on an object, the momentum changes.
- When no force is acting on an object, the momentum does not change.
A nice illustration:
The animation below shows how the momentum (mv) from the first ball, is fully "transferred" to the last ball,
and the other way around.
Figure 7. Newton's "cradle"
(figure: from wikimedia commons).
Remember, p = mv, so p is a vector.
Since "m" is just a scalar (a number), the vectorial component "sits" in the velocity v.
In solving problems, you should always realize, that the total momentum of a system is the vector sum
of all the individual momenta of the particles, which make up the system.
Only when the particles before and after any collision, stays along 1 dimension, you can work with the magnitudes directly.
Note on "elastic" and "in-elastic" collisions:
In principle I should also explain "elastic" and "in-elastic" collisions.
Although the terms pretty much speak for themselves, there are some subtleties.
I like to wait until we have seen the concept of Kinetic Energy, which make both terms easy to explain.
Let's try some examples.
Example 19:
A ball of 10kg rolls on a frictionless table. It's velocity is 10 m/s in the +x direction.
Question: what is it's momentum?
Answer:
The magnitude of the momentum |p| = 10 kg * 10 m/s = 100 kg m/s.
The momentum as a vector is p is 100 kg m/s in the +x direction.
Or, written differently:
p = 100 ex (if ex is the unit vector along the x-axis).
The magnitude of p = |p| = 100 kg m/s.
Example 20:
This example stays in "one" dimension too.
Particle P2: is in rest on the x-axis. It's mass is 2kg.
Particle P1: moves from the left along the +x direction. Speed is 8 m/s. It's mass is 5kg.
At a certain moment, particle P1 collides against particle P2.
Directly after the collision, both are moving in the +x direction. Particle 2 now has a speed of 6 m/s.
Question: What is the speed of Particle P1?
Answer:
p1 (before) + p2 (before) = p1 (after) + p2 (after)
or:
m1v1 (before) + m2 v2 (before) = m1v1 (after) + m2v2 (after)
Thus:
8 * 5 + 0 = 5 * v1 + 2 * 6 =>
40 = 5 v1 + 12 =>
28 = 5 v1 =>
v1 = 28/5 = (about) 5.6 m/s
Example 21:
Suppose we have a collision of 2 particles.
This time we will work in multiple dimensions, so we need to take into account
that we are working with vectors.
Let's work in R2. There is no fundamental difference if you would work in R3 or Rn.
Figure 8. Adding momenta in R2
Before collision:
particle 1: mass m1, velocity v1.
particle 2: mass m2, velocity v2.
Total momentum: p1 + p2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 = C
The "black" vector (left) in figure 8, represents the "total momentum".
After collision:
particle 1: mass m1, velocity u1.
particle 2: mass m2, velocity u2.
Total momentum: p '1 + p '2 = m1 u1 + m2 u2 = C
The "black" vector in figure 8 (right), represents the "total momentum".
Note that the "black" vector remains the same. That's conservation of momentum.
You see that? Again, linear algebra can solve a problem which at first sight looks pretty intimidating.
We know that before the collision, that the total momentum is p1 + p2.
But, after the collision, the total momentum is the same !
Thus:
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 u1 + m2 u2
This is the general principle. There are several ways to find a certain unknown variable.
As we have seen before, just use vector algebra.
As an important law of physics, we have seen that the total momentum is conserved.
Chapter 4. Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy, and Work.
4.1. Short discussion on the concept of "WorK".
4.1.1 When the Force and the Displacement are "aligned" (one direction):
If a force acts on an object, and this object is in motion due to that force, then that force performs "work".
When you drag a large heavy box along some road, and you have covered 10m, you know that you have invested
quite some energy. If you cover 10m more, then the amount of invested energy has doubled.
It seems as if "Work = Force * Distance". Indeed, in it's most basic form:
W = F * s (equation 17)
Since the unit of force is the "Newton" (N), and the unit of distance is the "meter" (m), work is expressed in "Newton meter" (Nm).
As an equivalent unit, the "Joule" (J) was defined, which is the work done by a force of 1 N over a distance of 1 m.
Equation 17, must be a "scalar" variant of "something" more general, since as we know that "force" is a vector,
as well as is the position r(t) (as a vector).
However, if the force and direction are aligned along one dimension (one direction), we really can use equation 17
by simply using the "magnitudes" of the terms. So, actually we should re-write equation 17 as:
W = |F| * s (equation 17, revised)
Example 22:
Suppose a constant force of 15N acts upon an object. This force operates for some time, and in that time,
the object is displaced over 10m.
The direction of the force, and the displacement of the object, are along the x-axis.
Question: what is the work done by that force?
Answer:
Here we may apply "W=Fs", thus:
W = 15 N * 10m = 150 Nm = 150 J.
4.1.2 When there exists an angle α between the Force and Displacement:
The amount of "Work" is always a number (a scalar). In this subsection too, I will only use
the magnitude of a force vector (a scalar), and the displacement (as a scalar).
In fact, as you will see, it is sufficient to take the magnitude of the parallel vector-component of F.
How that will work out, will be shown in this subsection.
First, with any force under consideration, the only component of the Force that will do work
is the component parallel to the displacement.
For example, Consider an object in rest on a table. We know that the force of gravity is present at all times, but yet,
it does not perform work since the object stays in rest. But here, it is obvious that the force of gravity
is perpendicular to the possible path of motion of that object.
However, we can generalize that: if you have a Force pointing in any direction, then only use the component
of the force parallel to the displacement.
Here is an example:
Figure 9. Vector components of F, with a perpendicular and parallel component.
Take a look at figure 9 above. The force F is a vector, and has an angle α with x-axis.
Once we have identified a right-angled triangle defined by the lengths of |F|, |FP| and |FT|.
From "math note 4", we know that:
Thus:
W = |FP| s = |F| cos(α) s (equation 18)
Let's try an example:
Example 23:
Suppose a constant force F of magnitude 15N, acts upon an object. This force operates for some time, and in that time,
the object is displaced over 10m.
However, the angle between F and the x-axis is 30 degrees.
Question: what is the work done by that force?
Answer:
Only the parallel vector component of F, performs work.
We can immediately use equation 18:
W = |FP| s = |F| cos(α) s = 15N * cos(30) * 10m = 150 * cos(30) Nm = (about) 129.90 Nm = (about) 129.90 J.
4.1.3 General approach for a possible variable Force with "s", along some curved path "s":
This subsection is optional reading.
This subsection will also use the "inner product" of two vectors.
If you need to refresh your memory on the "inner product", you might want to take a look again at "Math Note 12, section 2.1".
This time, we spend a few words on the general case, of how to calculate the work a force does, over some distance "s".
However, maybe that path "s", is some "strange" curve in space, insteas of a nice straight line.
Also, the force may depend on the position in space, so it's direction and magnitude might vary per location.
Instead of some displacement "s" as a scalar (like the displacemnt along the x-axis), we should this time use
a position vector r, just like we do when we draw an arrow to some point in, for example, R3.
Note how much equation 18, already starts to looks like the inner product of F and r,
if we instead would use r instead of just "s".
In "Math Note 12, section 2.1", it was made "plausible" that if we have two vectors A and B,
then the inner product may be written as:
A · B = |A| |B| cos(α)
This scalar might be interpreted as the length of the "projection" of A on B.
This time, we have some curve defined by r, and a variable Force F(r), depending on the position r.
What we can do is to divide r into very small segments, and per segment, determine the parallel component of F(r)
at the center of that small segment. Then, determine the product of F(r) at that location and the small segment,
and then, add all products up over the trajectory where you need to calculate the "work".
This "smells" a lot like having an "Integral", if we really would make the length segments infinitesemal in size.
I'am not sure how much you are aquinted with Integrals, but usually an Integral is no more than a very large summation
of very small segments.
If the segments Δr really get's very small, then Δr will go to dr.
Figure 10. Very small segments "Δr" and the parallel component of F at Δr.
I hope you might find the following argument (reasonably) plausible.
Suppose we want an approximation of the work that a force has done, over a curved trajectory,
defined by the "starting point" P1 and "end point" P2 on that trajectory.
This trajectory will be diveded into a large number of small Δr's, so that at such Δri, the
trajectory is nearly straight. Then, at such Δri, we can calculate the product of the distance Δri,
with the magnitude of the parallel component of the force at Δri.
If you now would add up all those small products, we get:
Approximation of the Work over [P1,P2] = ∑ Fparallel, i · Δri
By letting Δri going to "dr" and thus the summation then will get infinite,
we actually get an Integral:
Work over [P1,P2] = ∫P1P2 F(r) · dr (equation 19)
Believe me: it's actually not even so hard to perform real calculations "a la" equation 19,
if we have a "reasonable" force vectorfield, and a "reasonable" trajectory.
However, this subsection was optional reading, and I like to keep this note relatively simple, and not clutter it
too much with too much detail. It's much more important that you get the general idea of the concepts discussed in this note.
4.2. Short remark on conservative force fields.
In fact, in a socalled "Conservative" force field, the work done by some force F(r) by moving an object
from point P1 to P2, is independent from the path taken.
Even if F(r) has all sorts of "angles" to the path dr, along the trajectory, we know that the contribution to the work,
is only due to the "parallel component" of F(r).
This means that the total sum of the "parallel component" times dr, will always add up to the same value.
The forces we have seen in this note, like the gravitational force on Earth, are all "Conservative".
It also implies, that if you must calculate the work done moving an object from P1 to P2, along some difficult trajectory,
and there also exists another "easier" path, you may choose that easier path in your calculation,
as long as the begin- and end points P1 and P2 are fixed.
We are not going to make "hard" calculations in this note. However, it would be great if you get the general idea
behind the concept of a conservative force field.
Figure 11. A conservative force field: the work done moving from P1 to P2, is independent of the path taken.
Now, let's go to a short discussion on Kinetic- and Potential Energy.
4.3. Short discussion on Kinetic- and Potential Energy.
4.3.1 What is "Potential Energy" Ep?
Please read the following two examples carefully:
Example 24: Potential Energy Ep in Earth's gravity.
Suppose you have an object of 2kg. Next, with that object, you climb a tower of a height of 30m (against gravity).
Then the work done by you is:
W = |Fg| * s = mg * h = 2*10*30 = 600 J.
In a way, "all that energy" is not "lost"!
Physicists say that the Potential Energy Ep of that object has increased by "mgh".
It's exactly the same as the work you invested by bringing it up, to a height of 30m.
If you would now drop that object, the object ofcourse falls down, with an increasing velocity
due to the constant acceleration "g".
While going down, at each point of the path, the Potential Energy drops while something called the "Kinetic Energy" grows.
This latter energy is dependent on the mass and velocity of the object.
The faster it goes, the more Kinetic Energy we can associate with that object.
In this example the "Potential Energy" Ep increased with "mgh". The rate and the amount by which the "Potential Energy" increases
is dependent on the type of force field. In this case, it's Earth's gravity, so the increase is always "mg Δh".
So, in Earth's gravity:
Ep = mg Δh
Example 25: Potential Energy of a charged particle in a static Electric Field.
This example is very similar to the case of Potential Energy due to Earth's gravity.
However, this time we take a look at an elementary particle with a positive charge "+q",
in an Electric field.
Maybe you are not so familiar with Electrostatics and charges. In short:
First of all, electric charges of the same "sign" repel each other. So, "+q1" and "+q2" repel each other.
Secondly, electric charges of opposite "sign", attract each other. So, "+q1" and "-q2" attract each other.
It's possible to have a condensator like "device", where two plates are opposite each other, and where each
plate has an opposite charge. So, say the upper is charged positively, while the lower one is negatively charged.
Then there also exists a certain voltage difference "V", between those plates.
Figure 12. Two opposite charged plates. Then there exists a "voltage difference" between those plates.
Take a look at figure 12. In the left figure, the positive test charge is near the lower plate.
This test charge, absolutely does not want to go to the upper posively charged plate.
If we move it, it will cost us energy, expressed by "work". We need to apply a force to move it
towards the posively charged plate.
It's possible that you are not familiar yet with Electrostatics, but there exists also a potential difference,
or "voltage difference" between the lower- and upperplate. Suppose that Voltage difference is "V" (or better: ΔV).
Then the work we must invest is:
W = q * V
This invested energy is not lost. The test charge aquired a Potential Energy of "qV".
Suppose we had "some way" to hold the particle near the upper plate. At the moment we let it go,
it will immediately accelerate towards the negatively charged plate.
Indeed, it is true that between the two plates a constant "Electric Force" exists, that will act
on any charged particle between the plates. In this case, when a positive test charge is involved,
the direction of the force is "downwards".
Thus, as the test charge accelerates toward the lower plate, it aquires "Kinetic Energy", while in an equal
amount the Potential Energy lowers.
Although here different physical entities and forces are involved, it is quite similar to example 24.
So, in an electrostatic field, the Potential Energy that a positive testcharge aquires (when moving to the + plate) is:
Ep = qV or, Ep = q ΔV (equation 20)
The latter expression is valid, if we would call the voltage difference between the plates "ΔV" instead of "V".
4.3.2 What is "Kinetic Energy" Ek?
Examples 24 and 25, also illustrated the concept of "Kinetic Energy" Ek.
In general, when you invest "work" to move an object or particle against a force field,
then the object or particle aquires "Potential Energy".
If you then "let it go", the object or particle immediately accelerates in opposite direction (due to the force).
When it is back at it's original position, all "Potential Energy" is converted into "Kinectic Energy".
Yes, a fundamental "law" was expressed by that latter sentence:
Conservation of Energy applied to mechanical systems using Ep and Ek:
When "work" W is invested to increase Ep, then
when the constraint is lifted, Ep is fully converted to Ek
When you decide that you have invested enough "work", then Ep=W and Ek=0
when the constraint is lifted, the object aquires an increasing Kinetic Energy Ek, up to the point
where Ep=0 and Ek=W
At any point "in between" (for example during the fall of an object), Ek and Ep are "balanced",
meaning "Ek + Ep = W".
Although the amount of the Potential Energy depends on the type of Physical system (e.g like Earth's gravity, where Ep = mgh),
there indeed exists a uniform equation for the "Kinetic Energy" Ek.
Using "plain logic" dictates that Ek must depend on the mass "m". The higher the mass is, the more "Kinetic Energy" is involved.
Secondly, Ek must also depend on the speed "|v|", since the higher the speed is, again the more "Kinetic Energy" is involved.
There exists a simple derivation to find the formula of Ek. In principle, for the general case, I should use an "integral" again.
However, if we take example 24 is an "archetype", then we may say:
Total Work done = W = F * s (where s is for example the height).
Then we let the object go, and it accelerates downwards.
Then:
W = Fs = ma * s = ma * ½ at2.
At any moment during the fall, "v=at", so a=v/t. Substituting that into the equation above, gives us:
W = F * s = mas = ma * ½ a t2 = ½ m a2 t2 = ½ m (v2 / t2) t2 = ½ m v2
Although not "nicely" derived for the general case, I think that it is made plausible that in mechanical systems, it holds that:
Ek = ½ m v2 (equation 21)
Example 26:
Suppose an object of 2kg, is lifted to a height of 30m.
Then, we drop the object.
Question: what is the speed of the object when the Potential Energy has dropped to half of it's max value?
Answer:
When at height of 30m, then:
Ep = mgh = 2 * 10 * 30 = 600 J.
When Ep is lowered to 300 J, then Ek has increased to 300 J.
Thus, according to Ek = ½ m v2
300 = ½ m v2 =>
300 = ½ 2 v2 =>
300 = v2 =>
v = √ 300 = (about) 17.3 m/s
Another Question: what is Ek when the object hits the floor?
Since the object aquired an Ep of 600 J at 30m, this then will be the
Kinetic Energy when the object hits the floor again.
Chapter 5. Harmonic oscillators in classical Mechanics.
In "math note 10", I tried to discuss several harmonic oscillators, from the perspective of "differential equations".
This time, I like to use a typical Highschool approach. This mainly means that the material below, often treat
many physical quantities as scalars. However, this approach works, and allows you to solve all sorts of problems.
There are countless examples of harmonic ocillators, like the "pendulum", "particle in a box", etc...
However, the "uniform circular motion" is (sort of ) the standard example. Let's discuss that one.
In this case, an object (or particle), performs a circular motion (with radius "R") around an origin,
with a constand orbital speed "vT".
Using the subscript "T", I like to make clear that this "vT", is always "tangent" to the path of motion.
Figure 13. Uniform circular motion. Note also the projections on the x- and y-axes.
About the figure: from "wikimedia commons" (public domain).
Orbital speed vT:
Suppose the radius of the circle is "R". Then the circumference of the circle is 2πR.
Also, suppose that the time to complete one full circle is T seconds.
Then, since vT is constant, and based on equation 1, we find:
vT
|
=
|
S
--
t
|
=
|
2πR
--
T
|
(equation 22)
|
Angular speed ω:
In T seconds (also called "the Period"), our particle completes a full circle of 2π (rad).
So, it is possible to define an "angular speed", meaning "how much" angle has the radius R completed in time "t"?
This angle then, is the angle between R and the x-axis.
One thing is for sure: in T it does 2π (rad).
Different cicular motions, will have a different T and a different vT ofcourse.
So, T indeed characterizes the "angular speed" (ω) of a certain circular motion.
Since ω also is the answer to the question "how much angle has the radius R completed in time t"?
we may define the following equation for ω:
ω
|
=
|
2π
--
T
|
=
|
Δ θ
--
Δ t
|
(equation 23)
|
Ofcourse, in the case of a uniform circular motion, ω is constant, as can be seen from equation 23.
If T (the constant Period) is known, then ω is known too, by using equation 23.
However, θ changes by time. If we know the constant ω, then in a certain timeslot "t", θ has increased by "ω t".
Thus we also have:
θ = ω t (equation 23' - note the accent in 23')
Often in figures like figure 14, the angle between R and the x-axis is denoted by α. However, in most textbooks
and articles about harmonic oscillators, that same angle is often called θ, and I think I better to conform to conventions.
(Ofcourse, it does not matter at all which letter one uses for denoting an angle).
Relation of vT and ω:
We can also express vT in terms of ω and R. Simply take a look again at equations 22 and 23.
It then immediately follows that
vT
|
=
|
2πR
--
T
|
=
|
ωR
|
(equation 24)
|
Projections of R on the x-axis and y-axis:
Actually, this was all already in "math note 4". If your memory on sin() and cos() are a bit hazy,
then please consult "math note 4" again.
Figure 14. The projections on the x- and y-axes expressed in sin(θ) and cos(θ).
In fact, by looking at figure 14, and memorizing the pure definitions of sin() and cos(), we know that at any specific time "t":
projection of R on the x-axis: a = R cos(θ)
projection of R on the y-axis: b = R sin(θ) (equations 25)
But the object is moving in a circular motion. So, θ changes all the time, or more exactly, by time,
at the constant rate of ω
This means that the "time-dependent" equations for the projections on the x- and y- axes, are:
time dependent projection of R on the x-axis: x(t): x(t) = R cos(ωt)
time dependent projection of R on the y-axis: y(t): y(t) = R sin(ωt) (equations 26)
This also means that we can easily find the vx and vx components of the
speed vT (or |vT|), at any time "t". We simply differentiate x(t) and y(t) with respect to t.
vx(t) = d/dt R cos(ωt) = -ωR sin(ωt)
vy(t) = d/dt R sin(ωt) = ωR cos(ωt) (equations 27)
Movement of the dot on the y-axis:
Figure 13 is quite nice indeed. But also note the "dot" moving up and down on the y-axis.
Actually that dot (and the dot on the x-axis, which is not visible), performs a harmonic oscillation.
It's displacement is characterized by a "sin(t)" or "cos(t)" like function.
If you would attach a small pen on such dot, and roll a piece of paper with a constant speed under that pen,
you really would get a "sin(t)" or "cos(t)" function on paper.
Note that throughout section 5.1, all equations are in scalar form. It can all also be done using a vectorial approach.
However, the theory sofar holds ok.
For example, if you know T and R, it's easy to calculate ω or vT as scalars,
but that is really good enough.
Where is the Force ?:
Something is still missing. Yes, there has to be a "centripetal force", that is always perpendicular to vT,
and pointed towards the Origin at all times.
Only then, it is possible that an object turns around an origin in a circular fashion, with a constant speed vT.
You probably have experimented with such scenario (as a kid?), with a mass on a rope, and turn it around and around,
and you yourself in fact created (or excerted) that force (through the tension of the rope).
A "strange" thing might be, that the work done by the force is "0".
As we have seen in chapter 4, in the end, only the parallel component contributes to work, and in this case,
the force is always perpendicular.
Also, since vT stays constant, that may help to convince you too, that no work is done.
Note: the term "centripetal force" is questioned by some folks, and they rather only like to speak of "centripetal acceleration" as a better term.
So, what are the expressions for the "centripetal force" Fc and "centripetal acceleration" ac?
By the way, the tangent components are absent. The speed remains constant, thus there is no "tangent acceleration" aT.
Likewise, there is not tangent (or parallel) component of the Force present: The force is always perpendicular to vT.
Here I will only list the magnitudes of the "centripetal force" and "centripetal acceleration":
aT
|
=
|
vT2
--
R
|
(equation 28)
|
FT
|
=
|
mvT2
--
R
|
(equation 29)
|
Note that the equations 26 and 27, really describes the motions of the "dots" on the x-axis and y-axis,
and form the "heart" of the harmonic motion example of this section.
5.2 Other harmonic oscillators.
The "Pendulum":
Since the Pendulum is also a subject of "math note 10: differential equations Part 1, section 2.3".
I may say that you check that section in "math note 10".
However, it is based on deriving the "differential equation" first, and next find the solutions to that equation.
Mass (damped or undamped) on a spring:
This too is also a subject of "math note 10: differential equations Part 1, section 2.2".
But again, here too I first try to find the "differential equations" and next I try to find solutions.
Many other examples are available.
My text in "math note 10", using differential equations, might be percieved as pretty difficult....
However...:
Maybe it's a nice task to "Google" on keywords as the "Pendulum" or "equations of the Pendulum",
and try to find a nice easy article on the motion of the Pendulum.
It's never a bad idea to see some other perspectives too.
Or, you can also rightfully say, that you first want to see some completely other subjects of Classical Physics.
Indeed, lots of stuff is not in this note, like "angular momentum", "classical waves" etc.. etc..
There is a lot more you can study, which is a great thing.
Ok. It stops here. I really hope you liked it !!!